Social-economical Trends in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social-economical Trends in China - Essay Example Opening a new branch in China is the phrase that is mostly utilized to explain the whole process of bringing a new product or services to the new marketplace China. Opening a new branch is to establish the new entity in the new market. A new product is an entity in the market which is the effect of the modernism or in making any extra features to the product. It is the product that engages of a total market by replacing or adapting various alterations in the product. The new branch is extremely new to the customers. So that branch should develop various alternatives to attract more customers. New Brach Development Phases consists of allied steps: They are: The Idea Generation is the new developing ideas that are been in the person minds. It takes a significant place in the opening a new branch in China. The idea generated is put across in the conference, which is considered for the discussion on the subject of the feasibility and the compatibility of the topic. The idea generated here is to open a new branch is to increase the overall profitability of the company. The Idea Screening is the effect subsequent to the brainstorming ideas of the various delegates present in the conference. All the ideas relating to open a new branch in China is to be screened and select most suitable idea. Most of the ideas are on the basis of the social, economic, and technological environment of the China. Business Analysis is very significant as it includes the analysis of the marketing conditions and the trends along by way of the viability of the new products in the new market.

Slave ownership in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Slave ownership in America - Essay Example They were degraded, kept like animals and had no civil rights. They were for decades, invisible in the human society. However, slowly as advancements were made, as agriculture took and backseat to science and people began to see beyond economics, things changed. Blacks and white people began to realize that slavery was wrong. They realized that enslaving a whole race of people was simply unacceptable. Over time, more and more slaves began to get an education. They began to read and understand that their lives had value. Individual people changed the course of a nation as they taught others that racism was something to be scorned. The battle was slow, it took decades to win but steadily they did win. As literacy spread, as knowledge and understanding of the value of a human life was established, abolition became possible, and acceptable. Analysis: Initially, blacks came to the shores of American as missionaries caught them in African and took them into bondage. This first set of slaves was perhaps the most terrified. They had come to a strange land, brought by strange men who considered them savages. They forced them to give up their religion, their culture and their social behavior and made them into a slave. The brutality they endured broke their spirit and any rebellion on their part meant sure death. Since they were considered savages their lives were worthless. Once the culture of slavery was established the economic advantage the country gained allowed the culture to continue. It was forgotten that the original slaves were brought to be 'saved' by the greater god. The fact was they were a cheap form of labor that allowed their masters to control them without any rules or regulations. Overtime slavery became an institution so that children born into it knew no other life and did not realize that they could have something more than the brutal life they lived. That was the tragedy of slavery. Human life is sacred mainly because it is an intelligent form of life. Yet, this race of people was completely cut off from getting an education, from being allowed to realize that they were even human. The critical analysis of African American literature is the key to understanding slavery. For it is hard to believe how the blacks allowed themselves to be slaves for so long. Reading the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave we realize how a whole race was subjugated for so long. From the first line of the book we realize that slave owners thought of slaves as animals. They were treated like animals and so, came to believe that they were less than human. Slaves were so confined to their individual plantations that they did not know another world existed outside it. Douglass writes of himself as a boy who did not know how old he was. That was nothing unusual for slave he wrote "know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs" (p. 47). This goes to prove the mindset of slaves; they considered themselves comparable to animals. Slave owners tried hard to ensure that no slave became literate. They realized that the only way to control the blacks was making them completely dependent on them. They made sure slaves were born and stayed that way. Every slave owner knew that once a slave learnt to read and write he would be able to think about and critically evaluate his situation and that would lead to the abolition of slavery. In the words of Mr. Auld, his master, "If you give a nigger an

Analysis of the Coca Cola Companys Organizational Behaviour

Analysis of the Coca Cola Companys Organizational Behaviour This document contains a broad analysis of The Coca-Cola Company and addresses several Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources issues. Recommendations are anticipated based on the findings and the problems that were discovered within the study. The goals of the recommendations are to address several issues that The Coca cola Company are facing in their Organization Stucture, Leadership and Management issues, their Organization Culture, Human resources issues and Communication skills of the organization and also align company decision-making with the structure of the organization. Contents Abstract i Contents ii List of Abbreviations ii CHAPTER ONE 4 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION. 4 1.0. Organizational History 4 1.1. The Coca Cola Company 5 Meet Our Company 5 Who we are 5 What we Do 5 Why is our role Important 5 1.2. Mission, Vision Values 6 Our Mission 6 2.0.Organization structure and Span of Control 8 Mechanistic vs Organic structures 8 2.2. Span of Control 9 3.0.Human Resource and Management Practise 10 3.1. Human Resource Planning 10 3.2. Resourcing 10 Outsourcing 10 3.3. Training and Development 10 3.4. Performance and Motivation 11 3.5. Management System and Policies 11 3.6. Team working 12 3.7. Management of Change 12 Types of change 12 Strategic change 12 Operational change 13 List of Abbreviations HFCS High Fructose Corn Syrup CEO Chief Executive Officer CAO Chief Administrative Officer CFO Chief Financial Officer. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Organizational History It was 1886, and in New York Harbor, workers were constructing the Statue of Liberty. Eight hundred miles away, another great American symbol was about to be unveiled. Like many people who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs Pharmacy. Here, the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed this new drink was something special. So Jacobs Pharmacy put it on sale for five cents a glass.    Pembertons bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the mixture Coca-Cola ®, and wrote it out in his distinct script. To this day, Coca-Cola is written the same way. In the first year, Pemberton sold just 9 glasses of Coca-Cola a day.    A century later, The Coca-Cola Company has produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup. Unfortunately for Pemberton, he died in 1888 without realizing the success of the beverage he had created.    Over the course of three years, 1888-1891, Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candler secured rights to the business for a total of about $2,300. Candler would become the Companys first president, and the first to bring real vision to the business and the brand. (The Coca cola Company website) Its popularity would not stay within the United States for long, though, because in the year of 1906, Coca Cola was bottled in Cuba and in Panama. Bottling operations were soon started in Hawaii the next year, then in the Philippines, France, Belgium, Bermuda, Colombia, the Honduras, Italy, Mexico, Haiti, and Burma in later years. By the year of 1940, the famous soft drink was bottled in forty countries. Advertising for the cola has included many product slogans including, The Pause That Refreshes, which was used in 1929, Have a Coke and a Smile, which was used in 1979, and Always Coca Cola which was used in 1993 when sales from this soft drink exceeded ten billion cases worldwide. (Essortment Articles) 1.1. The Coca Cola Company Meet Our Company The coca cola company i the worlds largest beverage company. We operate in more than 200 countries and market a portfolioof more than 3000 beverages products including sparkling drinks and still beverages such as waters,juices and juice drinks and still beverages such as waters, juice and juice drinks, teas, coffees, sports drinks and energy drinks. Who we are Headquarted in Atlanta, Georgia, we employ approximately 92,400 associates across our six operating groups-Eurasia Africa,Europe,Latin America, North America, Pacific and bottling Investment in addition to Corporate. What we Do Our Company manufacturee the concentrates, beverage bases and syrups thats make our brand unique, and sells them to bottling operations. We oown our Licence the Brands adn, to connect our brands to our customers, we focus on marketing activities including print and television advertising, online programs retail store displys, sponsorship, contests and package design. Why is our role Important Our focus on beverage creation and marketing enables us to understand and meet the diverse and ever-changing beverage needs and desires of our consumers around the world. We are a global business that operates on a local scale, in every community where we do business. We are able to create global reach with local focus because of the strength of the Coca-Cola system, which comprises our Company and our more than 300 bottling partners worldwide. While many view our Company as simply Coca-Cola, our system operates through multiple local channels. Our Company manufactures and sells concentrates, beverage bases and syrups to bottling operations, owns the brands and is responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives. Our bottling partners manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the final branded beverages to our customers and vending partners, who then sell our products to consumers. All bottling partners work closely with customers grocery stores, restaurants, street vendors, convenience stores, movie theaters and amusement parks, among many others to execute localized strategies developed in partnership with our Company. Customers then sell our products to consumers at a rate of 1.6 billion servings a day. (The Coca cola company website) 1.2. Mission, Vision Values The world is changing all around us. To continue to thrive as a business over the next ten years and beyond, we must look ahead, understand the trends and forces that will shape our business in the future and move swiftly to prepare for whats to come. We must get ready for tomorrow today. Thats what our 2020 Vision is all about. It creates a long-term destination for our business and provides us with a Roadmap for winning together with our bottling partners. Our Mission Our Roadmap starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. To refresh the world To inspire moments of optimism and happiness To create value and make a difference. Our Vision Our vision serves as the framework for our Roadmap and guides every aspect of our business by describing what we need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs. Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value. Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities. Profit: Maximize long-term return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization. (The Coca cola Company website) Organization structure and Span of Control All organizations have some form of more or less formalized structure that is the framework for getting things done. Structure is the pattern of realtionships among position in the organization and among members of the organization. Structure makes possible the application of the process of management and creates a framework and creates a frame work of order and command through which the activities of the organization can be planned, organised directed and controlled. (Mullins 2005) According to (Amstrong 2009:365)Organizations vary in their complexity, but it is necessary to divide the overall management task into a variety of activities, to allocate these activities to the different parts of the organization and to establish means of controlling, coordinating and integrating them. The structure of an organization consists of units, functions, divisions, departments and formally constituted work teams into which activities related to particular processes, projects, products, markets, customers, geographical areas or professional disciplines are grouped together. The structure indicates who is accountable for directing, coordinating and carrying out these activities and defi nes management hierarchies the chain of command thus spelling out, broadly, who is responsible to whom for what at each level in the organization. Mechanistic vs Organic structures Mechanistic Organic High formalisation Low formalisation Narrow span of control Wide span of control High centralisation Low centralisation Hard change Easier to changeEasier We can say Coca-Cola Companys structure is a tall structure, a hybrid of both mechanistic and organic models. The organization has a more centralized structure, however in recent years there has been a movement towards decentralization for easy managemant in regions. The central point of The Coca-Cola Company is on responsiveness. The complex integrating mechanisms are characteristic of an organic structure. The surveys and interviews used by the company allowed information to flow from the bottom-up, and the intranet allows for information to be exchanged laterally. According to surveys done it have make the Company to pursue simplification and standardization (The Coca-cola Company Website). Centralization and high standardization are associated with a mechanistic structure. 2.2. Span of Control Span of Control arises in line authoority and refers too the number of subordinates who report directly to a given manager or supervisor. (Mullins 2005) If the span of control is too wide,its difficult to supervise the subordinates effectively and this places more on the manager. The Coca-Cola Company currently employs approximately 92,800 employees up to december 2009. According to a general details obtained from the companys website, there are at least 5 hierarchical levels at the corporate level. Eg there is aboard of Directors, Operating group leadership and Functions leadership. This span of control seems slim for the CEO of such a large organization. The CEO is also a member of the Senior Leadership Team. This team consists of each head of the eight operating groups abovementioned, and also has other top executives in areas like innovation and technology and marketing. Although there are only six people that answer directly to the CEO, the CEO is able to receive input from a wide variety of divisions because of this leadership team. Since the team is comprised of members from various divisions, the CEO will be able to obtain a wide variety of information. The move to decentralization has caused structural changes for the Company. Generally, The Coca-Cola Company does a good job of managing its hierarchy of authority. Considering they have a tall structure, they are still able to keep to some extent more organic style of management, allowing them to be more flexible to changing conditions. The CEO and CFO both have six people that report to them. Human Resource and Management Practise In this chapter we are going to discuss the Human Resource planning, recruitment and selection, Human Resource development and Training. 3.1. Human Resource Planning Human Resource planning is the process of systematically forecasting the future demand and supply for employees and the deployment of their skills within the strategic objectives of the organization. (Bratton and Gold, 2007) 3.2. Resourcing Recruitment is a process of getting a pool of capable people to apply fro employment to any organization. It can also be referred to as searching for and obtain potential qualified candidate for a required position. Recruitment of employees in Coca Cola Company follows their rules and regulations to ensure they have got the right candidate who will fulfil the mission and vision of the company. The company advertise the post in the Newspapers and on their website and shortlist the candidate who meet the requirements. The Management team interview the candidates and select the qualified candidate. Also the company promotes the individual whose performance is good according to his skills and experiences. Outsourcing Sometime Coca Cola Company is using some other recruitment agent/organization to advertise and Interview the candidates for them. 3.3. Training and Development Cocacola employees are set through a formal training program in different aspect. Most of it their training involves diversity education. In this they focus on minimizing differences and amplifying, valuing each other and respecting to help get better results. The Coca-Cola Company believes that this training helps to creates a work environment that values diversity and power employee commitment, and improves productivity. The Company also uses a lot of team training. This team training allows new employees learn how to respond to certain situations and to get to know one another. The organization also provides all new hires with guidelines on conduct and employee involvement in the political process in the business code of conduct. This code is communicated through orientation of new-hires to ensure all employees will conduct themselves with high degree of honesty and integrity that governs the companys culture. 3.4. Performance and Motivation Performance Management refers to the set of interconnected practices which are designed to ensure that a persons overall capabilities and potential are appraised, so that relevant goals can be set for work and development and through assessment, data on work behaviour and performance can be collected and reviewed. (Bratton and Gold, 2007) By training employees and to get the workers engaged and feellike they are the part of the company. Salesmen are getting percentages of their sales which make them work hard to ensure they are getting more. 3.5. Management System and Policies Management system refers to what the organization does or a proven framework to manage its processes, or activities, so that its products or services meet the objectives it has set itself, such as satisfying the customers quality requirements, complyin with regulations, or meeting environmental objectives. Governmental Regulation Our Company is required to comply, and it is our policy to comply, with applicable laws in the numerous countries throughout the world in which we do business. In many jurisdictions, compliance with competition laws is of special importance to us, and our operations may come under special scrutiny by competition law authorities due to our competitive position in those jurisdictions. (Annual Report 2010) The Coca cola company follow the rules and regulations of all countries which its operates. 3.6. Team working Coca cola company people are working as a team. They are saying their people are working as a global Team Our company is built around two core assets, its brands and its people. Thats what makes working here so special. We believe that work is more than a place you go every day. It should be a place of exploration, creativity, professional growth and interpersonal relationships. Its about being inspired and motivated to achieve extraordinary things. We want our people to take pride in their work and in building brands others love. After all, its the combined talents, skills, knowledge, experience and passion of our people that make us who we are. Our 92,800 associates around the world live and work in the markets we serve more than 87 percent of them outside the U.S. In this geographically diverse environment, we learn from each market and share those learnings quickly. As a result, our Company culture is ever more collaborative. From beverage concept and development to merchandising, our associates are sharing ideas across departments and markets in new ways. Consequently, our associates are increasingly enthusiastic about their work and inspired to turn plans into action. (The Coca cola Company Website) 3.7. Management of Change Change management is defined as the process of achieving the smooth implementation of change by planning and introducing it systematically, taking into account the likelihood of it being resisted. (Amstrong 2009:424) Types of change There are three types of change: strategic, operational and transformational. Strategic change Strategic change is concerned with broad, long-term and organization-wide issues involving change. It is about moving to a future state that has been defi ned generally in terms of strategic vision and scope. It will cover the purpose and mission of the organization, its corporate philosophy on such matters as growth, quality, innovation and values concerning employees andmcustomers, competitive positioning and strategic goals for achieving and maintaining competitivemadvantage and for product-market development. These goals are supported by policies concerning marketing, sales, manufacturing, product and process development, fi nance and human resource management. Strategic change takes place within the context of the external competitive, economic and social environment, and the organizations internal resources, capabilities, culture, structure and systems. Its successful implementation requires thorough analysis and understanding of these factors in the formulation and planning stages. (Amstrong 2009:424) The coca cola Company are as other many comapanies always forced to change due to competition from their competitors like pepsi, also some environmental issue make the company to change their way of Manufacturing and changing they bottle printing method which were claimed to destroy the environment. Operational change Operational change relates to new systems, procedures, structures or technology that will have an immediate effect on working arrangements within a part of the organization. But its impact on people can be more significant than broader strategic change and it has to be handled just as carefully. (Amstrong 2009:424) Cocacola companies always changes the systems, procedure and Technology soas to satisfy its customers need.Like changing their bottle type, addition of more product etc. Transformational change Transformational change takes place when there are fundamental and comprehensive changes in structures, processes and behaviours that have a dramatic effect on the ways in which the organization functions. (Amstrong 2009:424) This happen when there is a change in country policy and reguations which force some structure change. Some other management of change issues is Coca-Cola decentralised its organisational structure by cutting half of the staff at its Atlanta headquarters and moving the regional chieftains closer to their local markets. In India, decision making has been moved further down to different areas of that diverse country. Other is Company uses the incremental method in decision making. Especially in the last 20 years or so, the board was extremely conservative and looking to avoid any drastic changes. However, recently they used the unstructured decisionmaking model. This was demonstrated in 2004 through the process that CEO Isdell used when creating the companys Manifesto for Growth when the company show the sign of decline. Rather than modifying what the company has been doing, the company surveyed about 400 of their top managers what they thought was problematic in the company. Based on information in the surveys done, 150 leaders in the company met to create solutions for the problems. The alternatives were analyzed thoroughly and all final decisions were made by groups.

The Happiness and Misery of Monsieur Lantin in The Jewels Essay

The Happiness and Misery of Monsieur Lantin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of â€Å"The Jewels†, Lantin meets the woman of his dreams (and of every other man’s) and immediately falls in love with and marries her. Their lives go on in perfect harmony and happiness, and every day Lantin falls more deeply in love with his adorable wife. Lantin has only two complaints about the character of his wife: her love of the theater and her love of fake jewelry. Eventually Lantin stops going to the theater, and his wife goes alone. After returning from the theater one night, his wife develops a cough and dies eight days later. This point marks the beginning of Lantin’s misery as he uncovers more about his wife than he might have wanted to know.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lantin is very happily married to his wife, and the reader gets the impression that everyone else in the community feels she is a fine woman to have as a wife. â€Å"Happy the man who wins her love! He could not find a better wife† (Maupassant 105). The reader learns just how devoted he is to his wife when he confesses that after six years of marriage, he loves his wife even more than he did at first. Lantin’s life seems a perfect picture of what a happy marriage should be, but then it changes suddenly and drastically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Lantin’s wife comes home one night with a chill and dies eight days later, Lantin is devastated. His life is filled with sorrow and despair and even â€Å"time, the...

Knights Tale Compare And Contrast Movie And Book Essay

The book and the movie have some similarities, where they use swords to fight, but the movie used more lances for jousting. Comparing both the book and the movie to our real lives, our lives don ¡Ã‚ ¦t have too much in common. In our lives we don ¡Ã‚ ¦t carry around swords, and wear armor, or compete in games with lances. Our competitions usually consist of our bare hands and feet, to fight. In a way we do have a type of sport that is almost similar to sword fighting, which is called  ¡Ã‚ §Fencing. ¡Ã‚ ¨ This is where the rules are almost similar but you fight in different motions. We also have games that use guns also, but they also hurt a lot, this game is called  ¡Ã‚ §paint ball. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Where you try to hunt down your opponent and shoot him before he shoots you with his paint balls. The time periods are different, since the book and the movie are told in the medieval times. While ours is present twentieth century time. We drive cars, ride bikes, or some even ride the buses. In the movie and the book they had mostly rode horses, or walked. In which some cases some people still do walk now to get to certain places. The old ways are also the new ways in religion. Since we still believe in the Christian ways, like they did back in the medieval times, but mainly the English people believe in this. They way they had lived in the medieval times, was that they lived mostly in hard concrete houses, or brick houses. They would use lanterns for their lights, or torches, sometimes even to stay warm they would build a small fire. Now we just build our houses out of wood, but there are still some that are made out of concrete and bricks. The majority of houses are built out of wood, and run on electricity, to heat the house, or to cool it down with the air conditioning. The only time that we light lanterns or fires are when we go out camping, so we bring fire wood, and other equipment ¡Ã‚ ¦s to cook with, such as a small gas stove.

Value of science

Richard Funnyman Is a world renowned physicists, he is known especially for his help In the development of the atomic bomb. Considering that he Is the creator of the worlds most dangerous weapon, The Value of Science can be interpreted on an entirely different level as Funnyman goes back and forth on the concepts of good vs.. Evil as a way to reflect his moral conscience. Richard Funnyman' morality can be seen through his passages about good and evil in the world of science and the world outside of science.During Funnyman' opening point he states that when good things re created because of science It Is because â€Å"moral choice† (Funnyman 64) led them to that discovery. In other words, when someone makes something beneficial in science it is simply because while they were making it they were considering what is right and wrong. He continues by saying that each scientist is given the power â€Å"to do either good or bad† (Funnyman 64). However, there are no instruction s on how to decipher which one you are doing.Therefore, you could create something disastrous due to the lack of direction. In addition, he references a Buddhist proverb, â€Å"To every man Is given the key to the gates of heaven; the same key opens the gates of hell† (Funnyman 64). He is relating this quote to the good and bad choices that can be made in science. For example, in the proverb the â€Å"kef' would be the science, â€Å"heaven† would be the good that can come from science, and â€Å"hell† would be the bad that can come from science.However, whether it be the power to do something good or bad or the key to heaven or hell there are never and instructions on which choices will lead you here. If you don't have Instructions, â€Å"the key may be a dangerous object to use† (Funnyman 64). Based on the diction he uses In this section It suggests that he Is feelings guilty for the effects of the atomic bomb since he is using words such as â€Å"bad †, â€Å"evil†, and â€Å"dangerous†. It suggests that perhaps Funnyman feels as if he opened the gate to hell rather than the gate to heaven through his invention.His guilt is further shown with his comparison of science to the world outside of science. Richard Funnyman uses things outside of science to compare and Justify his morals about what he has done In science. For example, he states that education, communication, and applied science can be a â€Å"strong force, but for either good or evil† (Funnyman 69). It can be interpreted that he is referencing the atomic bomb by the repetition of the words â€Å"strong force† because the atomic bomb is the most feared bomb in the world due to how much power it is has.Also, when he says that these strong forces can be used for â€Å"good or evil† (Funnyman 69) it could mean that the mob could be used for good, In which cases It wouldn't harm any civilians, or It can be used for evil, like how It was used In World War II where the bomb was used and killed 80,000 people instantly. He is using these examples outside of science as a way to show that, yes, science can create horror, but there are so many other things in the world that can create the same outcome. Following this further, he states that â€Å"nearly everybody dislikes war and continues by saying that â€Å"our dream today is peace† (Funnyman 69).However, he further explains this point by giving an example of how eventually peace turns Into a bad thing also. This rationale used by Funnyman war. If this is the case, his example of peace being a bad thing would reference the fact that, the atomic bomb ended the war, but there was so much horror in the way it ended that it is impossible to actually have peace. The passage â€Å"Education, for Good and Evil† as a whole suggests that he is trying to take attention off of science alone being bad, by bring other things into the equation.This section of his writing shows his morality through his diction and repetition, if there were no remorse for his decisions the whole piece would take a completely different purpose. Origin, an ancient theologian, once said, â€Å"the power of choosing good and evil is within the reach of all. † Richard Funnyman shows that this is entirely possible to do, given that the person making the decision is in touch with their morals. Good things can be created from knowledge, but the biggest part of creating something great is the use of moral choices.

Problem of Childhood Bullying in Modern Society

Problem of Childhood Bullying in Modern Society Introduction Bullying is a form of scurrilous treatment which mainly entails emotional, physical or verbal harassment directed towards people of certain levels, gender, race and religion just to mention but a few. It mainly occurs when there is imbalance in power such that those deemed to be on the lower physical or social levels are bullied by those in the higher levels of power and social status.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Problem of Childhood Bullying in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bullying can occur in many contexts especially where human beings interact with each other such as in the work places, learning institutions, family, churches among others. When bullying occurs, it causes oppression to the affected parties thus affecting their social life and studies in the case of students (Loseke, 37). Childhood bullying on the other hand is the repetitive, harmful acts carried by one or a gro up of children against other children. Bullying takes various forms like being restrained and emotional for instance spreading gossips, influencing friendships or excluding other children; verbal like being intimidated and threatened or humiliating; or physical such as hitting, crashing against a hard surface, leaving some children out of activities kicking, punching ,taunting and most recently cyber-bullying. Inherent in this characterization is a disparity in real or supposed authority involving the bully and victim (Reid, 150). The dominance of bullying and its consequent harm is taken too slightly by both children and their parents or adults in general despite the fact that there is a huge connection between bullying and other aggressive behaviors (Reid, 150). Bullying entails harassment by influential children against children having not as much of power which is different from a conflict arising between peers of fairly equivalent status and thus intervention methods should be specific. This paper is therefore an exploration of the issue of childhood bullying by looking at the effect of social structures and institutions on childhood bullying. Past and present research with regard to childhood bullying will also be discussed. Past and current research on childhood bullying An earlier study on the impact of childhood bullying and young adult self esteem ad loneliness showed that victims of bullies tend to be shy and lonely especially in their youth. It also showed that bullies tend to have a low self esteem as their main way of making friends and gaining popularity is through violence (Tritt Duncan, 3). Both children who bullied and their victims are more probable to be engaged in violence or violent behaviors in their youth than those who did not. However this is more common to those who bullied others (Reid, 152). For instance among boys who admitted to bullying others 43.1 percent carried a weapon to school compared to 36.4 percent of those who had bee n bullied. 38.7 percent of the bullies wee engrossed in numerous fighting compared to 22.6 percent bully victims (Tritt Duncan, 3).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study carried out in a miniature town from Midwest using 207 junior high and high school children as sample indicated that 88% percent of the students had witnessed bullying, with 77 percent of them being victims of bullying during their school life (Limber Maury 1). School and particularly classroom bullies are predisposed to have distressed relationships amid their parents as well as friends and could persist being troublesome all through their adolescence if their troubles will not be resolved on time, according to researchers at Canadas lbrk University and Queens University. They also recorded that bullying taking place outside the school surroundings could be more brutal than at school where adult managem ent and additional security against violence is present (Crothers Levinson, 498). Effects of social structures and institutions on childhood bullying Various social institutions like family, school, peers, surrounding and media play a very important role in shaping the direction of childhood bullying. To begin with, the family which is the basic and the most important unit in the society as well as the primary socializing agent plays a major role in shaping behavior of children include bullying. According to a research, children who come from families that have cases of domestic violence, will most likely be bullies in school. The first departure point is the role of parents in the sense o their personality. Interestingly, some parents look at bullying as a natural occurrence in the development cycle and usually not addressed as a problem (Limber Maury 4). Elizabeth Sweeney carried out a study that involved children aged between nine and sixteen for the 103rd presentation of Ameri can Sociological Foundation. According to Sweeney her literature review established that children brought up by authoritarian parents as well as demanding, insensitive and directive were more predisposed to carrying out bullying activities (Reid 167). Children who go through aggression, violence, physical discipline and other hostile behaviors by their parents are prone to assimilating such behavior amongst their peers. Children borrow a lot from their parents on behavior and interaction with other children. If children are exposed to aggressive and livid words at home, they will probably employ these bad attributes as survival machinery in interacting with other children (Reid 169). Similarly children who are borne in middle-income family units recorded lower cases of bullying compared to children from the high and low family status. Bullying runs equally between boys and girls although boys tend to act on it more than girls (Crothers Levinson 498).Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Problem of Childhood Bullying in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bullying is also popular with families whose members do not treat one another with respect or not teaching the children the essence of respecting other people’s rights. Intergenerational effect can be a factor in this regard where children with antisocial parents as well as grandparents are more likely to behave the same in teenage. The school is an institution that both favors and shapes the concept of childhood bullying. According to a national survey in 2001 indicates that children as young as eight to nine years are becoming victims and perpetrators of childhood bullying (Crothers Levinson 499). Approximately, 74% of children aged between eight and eleven attested that bullying and teasing was frequently taking place in their school, whereas fifty percent of the parents did not look at bullying as a trouble for their childr en, however, bullying is most prevalent between students of age 11 to adolescence (Crothers Levinson 500 ). He school becomes an avenue of bullying because it brings convergence of children from different backgrounds, religions races, health situations as well as personalities. Bullying is also more prevalent in schools because of the higher probability of emergence of inappropriate relationships between students and also between the students and the staff since teachers are also involved in bullying (Limber Maury 2). However, the school is best placed in dealing with childhood bullying by; employing staff that is skilled in responding to signs of violence, a higher employee accountable for child protection, careful examination of staff before permitting them to work with children as well as implementing a policy on child protection clearly stating disciplinary cases for abuse. Peer groups change their role in a great deal when children get adolescence because of the need to be ac cepted and recognized and attaining autonomy from parents. This often leads to increased pressure to get a social status and thus stratification is pegged on toughness and aggressiveness among boys and appearance among girls (Tritt Duncan 2). This ultimately leads to teasing, bullying, ridiculing and name-calling. The environment where a child lives or is brought up affects their involvement in bullying for instance violent streets and ghettos (Loseke 43).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relationship of childhood bullying and sociological theories Edwin Sutherland put forward differential association theory in 1974 which explained human behavior as being learned and the younger the learner the grater the relationship. A child’s behavior is adopted by interacting with other in a social setting through norms and values through the process of communication. He also explained that behavior is leant in primary groups like family, peers, friends and close companions. This theory helps understand the role of family, peers and other relatives in childhood bullying. It justifies that most bullies have adopted violent behavior from families and peers in school in search of social status. Parents’ and caregivers’ involvement and participation in development greatly shapes their behavior according to Urie Bronfenbrenner in his theory of social ecological model. The better and nurturing the involvement is the better the child is going to be. Childs treatment in the micro-system determines how people treat her on the other hand since their unique genetic and biological make up influence how others treat them. In his exo-system level he explains how people and other places that a child does not directly associate with like parents’ workplace or neighborhood affect their behavior (Reid 168). This can be centralized to how the caregiver meets the needs of the child, if they are well met then this tends to have a good behavior and is less likely to bully out of frustrations (Reid 168). Other aspects like freedom, cultural values, economy and wars also shape the behavior of the child. Conclusion More often than not children play together and in the process one might accidentally kick or step on their peer or harmlessly utter some teasing words. Out of these petty events one may get a nickname or a label that castigates his or her behavior. For instance, a child is nicknamed â€Å"tiger† in his boxing club by peers may tend to b ullying to fit into the context of that label. According to Cooley, human beings especially children see themselves in the eyes of others to a point of incorporating those perceptions into our lives. Teenagers will go to a great extend to look like or behave according to self-image that fits those views (Reid 170). If a boy is perceived as a strong boy they will incline towards bullying to fit into this perceived strength. This can also be explained by Freud’s developmental stages where the child fixates in any of these stages. Fixation in the phallic stage and latency stage can lead to violent behaviors in children and thus parents should ensure smooth transitions in these stages. Crothers, L. Levinson, E. â€Å"Assessment of Bullying: A Review of Methods and Instruments.† Journal of Counseling Development 82. 4 (2004): 496-503. Print. Limber, S. Maury M. Nation Bullying Among Children and Youth. 1997. Web. Loseke, D. Through a Sociological Lens: The Complexities of Family Violence. p35-48. Web. Reid, T. Sociological Theories of Criminal Behavior II: The Social-Process Approach-2008 p142-188. Web. Tritt, C. Duncan, R. â€Å"The Relationship between Childhood Bullying and Young Adult Self-Esteem and Loneliness.† Journal of Humanistic Education Development  36.1 (1997):1-4. Print.

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Example

Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Example Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Essay The STM with its unmatched combination of high vertical and lateral resolution in a promising new tool that can be operated under ambient conditions, yielding three-dimensional detailed images, (H. Strecker and G. Persch, 1990, p441-445). The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) is a solid-state microscope based on the principle of quantum mechanical tunnelling of electrons between a sharp tip and a conducting sample. Surfaces can be studied by allowing the individual atoms to be imaged in real space. By scanning the tip across a sample surface it is possible to image directly the three dimensional structure of a surface down to atomic scale resolutions. Prior to the invention of STM, the only way that surface structures could be deduced was by more indirect methods such as low energy electron diffraction (LEED) or medium-energy ion scattering (MEIS). Technique The tip used in STM is very sharp and ideally terminates into a single atom. The tip is mounted onto a system of piezo electric drives, which provide movement in three dimensions. (http://nanowiz.tripod.com/stmbasic/stmbasic.htm, 14/10/03). The movement is controllable with sub-atomic scale accuracy and can be brought within a few Amstroms of the conducting sample surface. The metallic tip and the conducting substrate are in very close proximity but are not in actual physical contact, ( chem.qmw.ac.uk/surfaces/scc/, 7/10/03). At separations as small as this, the outer electron orbitals of the tip and sample overlap. On the application of a bias voltage between the tip and the surface, electrons are able to tunnel through the vacuum barrier via the quantum mechanical tunnelling effect. The direction of current flow is determined by the polarity of the bias. If the sample is biased negative with respect to the tip, then electrons will flow from the surface to the tip as shown above, whilst if the sample is biased positive with respect to the tip, then electrons will flow from the tip to the surface as shown below. (chem.qmw.ac.uk/surfaces/scc/, 7/10/03). The exponential (in vacuum) decay of the electron wavefunctions means that the tunnelling current is extremely sensitive to the tip-sample separation. This provides a very fine resolution of the surface. Quantum Mechanical Tunnelling The infinite potential walled particle in a box theory does not allow any of the wave function to escape the box as it would have to have more than infinity energy to cross the barrier. Allowing the potential energy well to be a finite number has the effect of making it possible for the wave function of a particle that is trapped in this potential well, to partially escape and thus have a presence outside the confines of the box. The wave function can transverse the potential barrier, although it will decay exponentially through the barrier. Assuming that the wave function does not totally decay away before the end of the barrier, the particle can have a physical presence on the other side of the potential barrier. If the potential barrier is long range, then the wave function will decay away exponentially and tend towards zero. Upon reaching the end of the potential barrier, the particle will have an infinite small wave function and zero presence on the other side of the barrier. This property is known as quantum mechanical tunnelling. (chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm729/STMpage/stmdet.htm,10/10/03). The quantum mechanical phenomenon creates the high degree of sensitivity necessary for atomic scale imaging of surfaces. The quantum mechanical tunnelling current is highly dependent on the tip-surface distance. The distance between tip and surface is usually of the order of 0.3 nm and the tunnelling voltage V ranges from a few mV up to a few V, depending on the conductivity of the surface. The tunnelling current typically varies between 10 pA and 1 nA, (fys.kuleuven.ac.be/vsm /spm/introduction.html12/10/03). The tunnel current decreases to 1/10 of its initial value for every 0.1 nm increase in gap separation, (Kaiser, W. J. Stroscio, J. A., 1993, p78) The essential aspect of STM is the extreme sensitivity of the tunnelling current to the tip sample separation. It is therefore important to realise that the tunnelling current is a quantum phenomenon. In classical physics the current could not flow across a gap. Modes of Operation Constant height mode In this mode the vertical position of the tip is not changed, equivalent to a slow or disabled feedback. The tunnelling current varies depending on topography and the local surface electronic properties of the sample. The current as a function of lateral position represents the surface image. This mode is only appropriate for atomically flat surfaces. If the surface were not flat, the STM tip would crash. An advantage of constant height mode is that it can be used at high scanning frequencies (up to 10 kHz). (http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2002/sm242/stmdesign.htm, 12/10/03). Constant current mode In the constant-current mode, the current is used as the input to a feedback circuit that moves the scanner together with the tip up and down in the height direction. With an applied potential, the tip is brought close to the sample surface until the tunnelling current set point is detected, at which point the constant-current feedback loop is locked. When the tip moves laterally to a new position, any subtle sample-tip distance variation will lead to the fluctuation of the tunnelling current. Consequently, the feedback circuit will move the tip up and down until the current keeps the set-point value. As a result, the moving tip keeps the constant sample-tip distance, tracing the surface topography. The main advantage of constant current mode is that the tip will not crash into a large cluster of atoms at the surface. Constant current mode can measure irregular surfaces with high precision, but the measurement takes more time, (http://std2.fic.uni.lodz. pl/stm.html, 13/10/03). (http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/s2002/sm242/stmdesign.htm, 12/10/03). Tip etching The construction of the tip is one of the most crucial aspects of STM. The tip must be approximately one atom thick in order for the STM to be carried out effectively. Surface pictures can appear to be distorted due to the presence of more than one sharp protrusion, (Ouseph, P. J. Gossman, M., 1998, 701-704). Some important characteristics of a tip are * Sharp tips which allow high resolution STM observations * Small resonance area * Thick taper to reduce tip oscillation during STM scans (mme.wsu.edu/~reu/poster2000/Ronald2000/ronald/ppframe.htm, 14/10/03) Multiple tips can be formed when suspended particles are picked up from the etching solution, (NaOH, KCN). Multiple tips often lead to the occurrence of shadow effects and ghost images, (physik.tu-berlin.de/institute/IFFP/daehne/ index.htm?/institute/ IFFP/daehne /forsch/rs-tips.htm, 20/10/03). Conditions The STM can operate in many different kinds of environments. A simple STM can be run in ambient air. However, in order to achieve effective results in Surface Science the STM is run in ultra-high vacuum. Vibration Isolation As the tip is oscillating across a very small area, it is important to isolate vibration. Vibration is kept to a minimum by several methods. Placing the STM on a spring/damping table is one way to cut out vibrations travelling through the floor. The first typical isolation system is the coiled spring suspension with magnetic damping and the second is a stack of metal plates with viton dampers between each pair of steel plates, (Kaiser, W. J., 1993, pp58). The basement level of a building is preferred because there are lower level of vibrations. To stop wave propagating through the air, a foam cover can be placed over the instrument, (mme.wsu.edu/~reu/Matt/Matt.htm, (19/10/03).

The History and Domestication of Goats

The History and Domestication of Goats Goats (Capra hircus) were among the first domesticated animals, adapted from the wild bezoar ibex Capra aegargus in western Asia. Bezoar ibexes are native to the southern slopes of the Zagros and Taurus mountains, and evidence shows that the goat descendants spread globally, playing an important role in the advancement of Neolithic agricultural technology where they were taken. Beginning between 10,000-11,000 years ago, Neolithic farmers in the Near East starting keeping small herds of ibexes for their milk and meat, and for their dung for fuel, as well as for materials for clothing and building: hair, bone, skin, and sinew. Today over 300 breeds of goats exist on our planet, living on every continent except Antarctica and in a quite astonishing range of environments, from human tropical rain forests to dry hot desert regions and cold, hypoxic high altitude regions. Because of this variety, the domestication history was a bit obscure until the development of DNA research. Where Goats Originated Domestication in goats has been recognized archaeologically by the presence and abundance of the animal into regions that were well beyond western Asia, by perceived changes in their body size and shape (called morphology), by differences in demographic profiles in wild and domestic groups, and by stable isotope recognition of their dependence on year-round fodders. Archaeological data suggested two distinct places of domestication: the Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey (11,000 years ago [bp], and the Zagros Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000 bp). Other possible sites of domestication posed by archaeologists included the Indus Basin in Pakistan at (Mehrgarh, 9,000 bp), central Anatolia the southern Levant, and China. Divergent Goat Lineages Studies on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (Luikart et al) indicate there are four highly divergent goat lineages today. Luikart and colleagues suggested that means either there were four domestication events, or there is a broad level of diversity that was always there in the bezoar ibex. A study by Gerbault and colleagues supported Luikarts findings, suggesting the extraordinary variety of genes in modern goats arose from one or more domestication events from the Zagros and Taurus mountains and the southern Levant, followed by interbreeding and continued development in other places. A study on the frequency of genetic haplotypes (basically gene variation packages) in goats by Nomura and colleagues suggests that it is possible there may have been a southeast Asian domestication event as well, but its also possible that during the transport to southeast Asia via the steppe region of central Asia, goat groups developed extreme bottlenecks, resulting in fewer variations. Goat Domestication Processes Makarewicz and Tuross looked at stable isotopes in goat and gazelle bones from two sites on either side of the Dead Sea in Israel: Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) site of Abu Ghosh and the Late PPNB site of Basta. They showed that gazelles (used as a control group) eaten by the occupants of the two sites maintained a consistently wild diet, but goats from the later Basta site had a significantly different diet than goats from the earlier site. The main difference in the oxygen and nitrogen stable isotopes of the goats suggests that Basta goats had access to plants that were from a wetter environment than that near where they were eaten. That was likely the result of either the goats being herded to a wetter environment during some part of the year  or that they were provisioned by fodder from those locations. That indicates that people were managing goats in so far as moving them from pasture to pasture and/or providing fodder by as early as 8000 cal BC; and that was likely part of a process that began earlier still, perhaps during the early PPNB (8500-8100 cal BC), coinciding with reliance on plant cultivars. Important Goat Sites Important archaeological sites with evidence for the initial process of goat domestication include Cayà ¶nà ¼, Turkey (8500-8000 BC), Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria (8000-7400 BC), Jericho, Israel (7500 BC), and Ain Ghazal, Jordan (7600-7500 BC). Sources Fernndez H, Hughes S, Vigne J-D, Helmer D, Hodgins G, Miquel C, Hnni C, Luikart G, and Taberlet P. 2006. Divergent mtDNA lineages of goats in an Early Neolithic site, far from the initial domestication areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103(42):15375-15379.Gerbault P, Powell A, and Thomas MG. 2012. Evaluating demographic models for goat domestication using mtDNA sequences. Anthropozoologica 47(2):64-76.Luikart G, Gielly L, Excoffier L, Vigne J-D, Bouvet J, and Taberlet P. 2001. Multiple maternal origins and weak phylogeographic structure in domestic goats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98:5927-5932.Makarewicz C, and Tuross N. 2012. Finding Fodder and Tracking Transhumance: Isotopic Detection of Goat Domestication Processes in the Near East. Current Anthropology 53(4):495-505.Naderi S, Rezaei H-R, Pompanon F, Blum MGB, Negrini R, Naghash H-R, Balkiz Ãâ€", Mashkour M, Gaggiotti OE, Ajmone-Marsan P et al. 2008. The goat domestication process inferr ed from large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of wild and domestic individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(46):17659-17664. Naderi S, Rezaei H-R, Taberlet P, Zundel S, Rafat S-A, Naghash H-R, El-Barody MAA, Ertugrul O, Pompanon F, and for the Econogene C. 2007. Large-Scale Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Domestic Goat Reveals Six Haplogroups with High Diversity. PLoS ONE 2(10):e1012.Nomura K, Yonezawa T, Mano S, Kawakami S, Shedlock AM, Hasegawa M, and Amano T. 2013. Domestication Process of the Goat Revealed by an Analysis of the Nearly Complete Mitochondrial Protein-Encoding Genes. PLoS ONE 8(8):e67775.Vahidi SMF, Tarang AR, Naqvi A-u-N, Falahati Anbaran M, Boettcher P, Joost S, Colli L, Garcia JF, and Ajmone-Marsan P. 2014. Investigation of the genetic diversity of domestic Capra hircus breeds reared within an early goat domestication area in Iran. Genetics Selection Evolution 46(1):27.Zeder MA. 2001. A Metrical Analysis of a Collection of Modern Goats (Capra hircus aegargus and C. h. hircus) from Iran and Iraq: Implications for the Study of Caprine Domestication. Journal of Archaeological Science 28 (1):61-79. Zeder MA, and Hesse B. 2000. The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago.Science 287:2254-2257.

Health Campaign Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Campaign Part 2 - Essay Example you identified in Part I; (3) to describe the target population’s incidence, prevalence, and mortality differences between the national and state level; (4) to explain the community-based response to the issue, including community-based planning, needs assessments, and selection of locally identified objectives; (5) to compare institutional and community leadership roles in responding to these targeted health objectives; (6) to describe any economic factors and funding intervention strategies that will address the issue; and (7) to describe the role of social marketing in promoting public health related to the issue of obesity. The issue of addressing obesity has been specifically identified as a national agenda in Healthy People 2010. Its relevance and priority to focus on this chronic illness and to seek ways to address it are possible through epidemiology surveillance systems and tools implemented both in the local and state levels. Several local agencies working in conjunction with national health organizations have outlined strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in their specific areas. When collated, the data form part of the national statistics which inform the public of the updates on this chronic illness. The numerous local and state agencies within the country give authoritative data, facts, and statistics; as well as goals, projected outcomes, and recommendations to assist the public afflicted with obesity. Likewise, professionals, both in local and state agencies, are ready to assist individuals in ensuring that an effective successful long term weight loss is achieved. In this regard, this essay is written to further expound and proffer the relevant issues surrounding obesity, as a national agenda specifically identified in Healthy People 2010, with the following specifically defined goals, to wit: (1) to describe how the target population is defined at the national level and compare how these data may differ in the defined community,

The case for diversifying across residential properties in London Coursework

The case for diversifying across residential properties in London - Coursework Example Average return as the percentage of the total returns is computed as (103.58/1243*100) = 8.33%. To calculate the percentage deviation from mean, you subtract the average return from the monthly returns for example in 2000, the total returns was $1404, the average return was $117. The month of january generated $100. To calculate the deviation, we subtract $117 from $100 to get a negative deviatio of $17 (-17). The percentage deviation is therefore calculated as (-17/1404*100) = -1.210826211% to 2 decimal places I get -1.21%. Note that: average return is only used to calculate the deviation in terms of returns but to calculate the % deviation, we devide the deviation return by the total returns then multiply by 100. Alternatively, we can calculate the average return as the percentage of total return as (117/1404*100) = 8.33% and take for example month of january, calculate its percentage of the total return as (100/1404*100) = 7.12% therefore, the % deviation is calculated as (7.21% - 8.33%) = -1.21% this is computed for the rest of the months to get the percentage deviations. Expected risk SD is = 0.5*0.35%+ 0.5*0.12 = 0.235%. This is the expected loss from the investment of choice. Therefore, whether an investor invests in Holland or south ken, the loss will be 0.235% of the total returns From the above data, that we have the same returns 8.33% but different risk level. Portfolios with more risk than others markets so invest in less risky investments (Baum & Hartzell, 2011). For instance, an investor can invest in south ken and Fulham. From the analysis, Chelsea residential market has the highest returns (profits) averagely $120 per month closely followed by ken/Holland with average return of $117 per month, then south ken with $104 per month then lastly Fulham with $103.58. on the other hand, Chelsea registered the highest possibility of a loss which is 0.51% of the total returns. Ken/Holland

British industrial relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

British industrial relations - Essay Example lective bargaining can force employers to deal with labour as a collective identity, rather than isolated individuals and so, secure better the terms and condition of employment. Nevertheless, in 1979when the conservative party won the election, everything changed. The new government used a lot measures to restrict the role of trade unions. In addition, it introduced an enterprise culture in which individuals and organisations, rather than government, were to be held responsible for economic performance. Thus, as well as rejecting the maintenance of full employment as a major policy objective, they in effect abandoned the commitment of their predecessors to voluntary collective bargaining as the most effective method of determining pay and conditions. Then, there was a total break with the old work patterns but an explanation of this will be the economical context. In fact, after the war, there was a period of reconstruction that engendered a lot of work; manufacturing was the backbone of the economy, it was a period of full employment. After that, there was a wave of privatisation, many companies became multinationals, and there was an internationalisation o f business. Because Britain is the candle of industrialisation, the British employment relations system has a long history. It is extremely important as it's the FIRST system in the modern sense and thus other ER systems such as Australia's, has been 'modelled' on it (Marchington et al. 2004 p36). For example, many percent trade unions can trace their roots back to this mid-19th century or earlier in Britain. The legislations and rules of employment relations in many countries are also modelled on the Britain's. As a result, studying the British employment relation system can help to know the history of the ER... The aim of this essay will be to access and explain the management of British employment relationship and then derive lessons concerning the management of the employment relationship from the study of the operation, structure and effectiveness of systems of the employment relations in Britain. This essay will then give a description of the recent management of the British Industrial Relations system in Britain and discuss the future of British Industrial Relations System. The British industrial relations system has a long history and has gone through much change in recent years. Industrial relations are also known as employee relations. There are three phases in the evolution of employee relations since the end of the World War II, the third one being the partnership approach. Until 1979 (date of the election of the Conservative Party), work relations were based on collective bargaining and collective agreement aiming to determine and regulate, in varying degrees, the terms on which individuals will be employed (Flanders 1968 p35), with a strong voluntarism encouraged massively and informally.Since the early days of the Industrial Revolution, from 1760-1830 progress, innovation and growth in every field of human endeavour have served to transform industry, economics and society. The British system of industrial relations has often been considered as being as voluntarist, by which is generally meant the abstaining of the state from direct interference in the managing industrial relations

Assessment does not stand outside teaching and learning but stands in Essay

Assessment does not stand outside teaching and learning but stands in dynamic - Essay Example Informal or regular assessment is usually followed in classrooms because teaching often consists of frequent switches in who speaks and who listens, and teachers make many of their decisions within one second. In such a rapidly changing environment, where teachers have to think on their feet and are denied the luxury of hours of reflection over each of their pedagogic choices, assessment has to be carried out on the move. That is why so much informal assessment is often barely perceptible as the flow of the lesson continues, since it is neatly interlaced with normal-looking instruction and activities. Indeed, many teachers would not even regard the common question, ‘Is anybody not sure what you’re supposed to do?’ as assessment, but it is, informing the teacher of which pupils might need individual help before starting on the task in hand. Bennett has explored a large number of theories relating to pupil learning, teaching and assessment, and believes these theories has a lot more to do mainly on psychology rather than teaching and learning, Bennett offers an explanation of the ambivalence sensed by teachers in their quest to identify these theories which effectively inform their practice. He advances the notion that theories take limited account of the complexities of classroom life. The potential value of such theories seems, therefore, to be marginalized by teachers. In citing Doyle's work, Bennett indicates that classroom environments are complex places in which teachers and pupils adapt to each other and where the created environment impacts on them both. The classroom environment is built by the way of communication between teachers and pupils. Doyle's model of classroom learning processes proceeds on the assumption that 'learning is a covert, intellectual activity which proceeds in the socially complex, potentially rich environment'. If this perspective relates to teachers' experiences in carrying out their role then there are clear restrictions to the applications of many theories of learning to teaching contexts. (Dunn, 2002) Identifying the prominence of complexity by no means excuses careful exploration of the issues. It is recognised that one of the aims of schooling is to promote pupil learning yet it is not all agreed about what should be prioritised to comprise such learning. Further more, there remains considerable disagreement as to how learning occurs. It might be said that since the adoption of the National Curriculum we are nearer to agreeing what should be learnt. However, the ways in which learning occurs seems to be rather side-tracked from what are identified as more pressing mechanisms for teaching curriculum content with the main aim of measuring and raising standards.

Prove why this merger would be beneficial for the company Essay

Prove why this merger would be beneficial for the company - Essay Example Thus, a company that merges with a competing firm will benefit from economies of scale, market penetration, and diversification. When the two firms come together to form a single firm, the output increases and the average costs reduce. Budgets for activities such as marketing might be lowered. The new company enjoys increased purchasing power, leading to lowering of the costs of raw materials and other things. Consumers, therefore, enjoy the reduced prices due to the reduced costs. One of the different economies of scale that the merger will bring includes the bulk buying: the merged company will enjoy discounts that come with purchasing large quantities of raw materials. The company will also enjoy a better rate of interest and hence boost its financial position. Additionally, the company will enjoy from technical economies especially if the firm has significant fixed costs since the average costs reduce. Furthermore, the merger will reduce organizational costs since they will merge their operational officer (Tejvan, 2014). The companies will quickly access more customers than before since they have merged their marketing, sales and distribution efforts. If the individual firms had demonstrated success in separate markets, the merger would benefit greatly. For instance, the merger of American automaker Chrysler Corp. and the German automaker Daimler-Benz enabled the new firm, Daimler-Benz, to penetrate markets in both North America and Europe. If both companies competed initially in the same market, they might fail to enjoy the benefit of market penetration since the customers will still see them as separate (Reddy, 2011). Thus, merging of companies that operated in various geographic markets may be more beneficial than those that worked in the same market. Merging allows companies to either combine or start producing a variety of goods and services. Businesses that produce the same products or offer similar

Evian Company web-strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evian Company web-strategy - Assignment Example applied in the process of designing a web page for advertising company’s products, together with the method of brands online image has a lot of significances. In this assignment paper, I am going to look at the Evian Company web-strategy as well as considering SOCTAC web strategy model and social marketing as used by the organization. The above two, online image and social marketing can get strategically used by different organizations towards meeting their promotional set goals. Online image of an organization’s brand only refers to the best-identified picture of the product that the company finds to have the ability to capture the markets mind (Laudon & Traver, 2002). For this case, the organization employs some IT experts who create the image of the product to get more attractive towards the targeted population. This will mean that they will take their time to know more about the brand as well as ordering for their purchase. Social marketing refers to a kind of product promotion carried out by a firm, with the primary objective of improving the well-being of the society. Unlike the other marketing conducted by an organization that target for improved company’s sell, social marketing aims at alleviating the social, economic, political, health, ideological and other aspects of the community’s well-being. This is one of the best planning models for conducting marketing since it’s easier to capture as well coming up with structures for some planning activities. It gets best applied where an organization is coming up with an overall marketing strategy as well as boosting a firm’s channeling tactics. SOSTAC entails evaluating the situation; which is the current level the organization holds, objectives; where the company is aiming to find itself, and strategy; the methodology of moving forward (Laudon & Traver, 2002). Others include tactics; the exact process of moving forward, action; the proposed plan, and finally control, determining whether the

Prove why this merger would be beneficial for the company Essay

Prove why this merger would be beneficial for the company - Essay Example Thus, a company that merges with a competing firm will benefit from economies of scale, market penetration, and diversification. When the two firms come together to form a single firm, the output increases and the average costs reduce. Budgets for activities such as marketing might be lowered. The new company enjoys increased purchasing power, leading to lowering of the costs of raw materials and other things. Consumers, therefore, enjoy the reduced prices due to the reduced costs. One of the different economies of scale that the merger will bring includes the bulk buying: the merged company will enjoy discounts that come with purchasing large quantities of raw materials. The company will also enjoy a better rate of interest and hence boost its financial position. Additionally, the company will enjoy from technical economies especially if the firm has significant fixed costs since the average costs reduce. Furthermore, the merger will reduce organizational costs since they will merge their operational officer (Tejvan, 2014). The companies will quickly access more customers than before since they have merged their marketing, sales and distribution efforts. If the individual firms had demonstrated success in separate markets, the merger would benefit greatly. For instance, the merger of American automaker Chrysler Corp. and the German automaker Daimler-Benz enabled the new firm, Daimler-Benz, to penetrate markets in both North America and Europe. If both companies competed initially in the same market, they might fail to enjoy the benefit of market penetration since the customers will still see them as separate (Reddy, 2011). Thus, merging of companies that operated in various geographic markets may be more beneficial than those that worked in the same market. Merging allows companies to either combine or start producing a variety of goods and services. Businesses that produce the same products or offer similar

Home And Home Office Computers Essay Example for Free

Home And Home Office Computers Essay International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) deals with computer technology, offering both products and consulting services. It offers a range of hardware and software products. It also offers infrastructure services. IBM is a high performance organization and this is very evident from its operation and performance. IBM is a multinational corporation with its headquarters at Armonk, New York but spreading to all parts of the world. It is the largest computer company and the most profitable. It have 370, 000 employees in different parts of the world representing the largest information technology employer. IBM controls a big share of its market and has expanded to many parts of the world. These factors show that IBM is one of the high performance organizations of the world. The results of IBM show clearly its leadership role in the computer technology sector. Its operations of the recent past have produced results that show its high performance and its ability to continue performing well. The financial report for the year ended December 31 2006, posted in the company’s website (http://www. ibm. com/investor/financials/index. phtml), showed that the company had a net income of $9,492 million as compared to $7,934 million the previous years. There was growth in total revenue from $91,134 million in 2005 to $91,424 million in 2006. The earnings per share for the year 2006 were $6. 11 compared with $4. 87 the previous year. Using revenue, net income and the earnings per share as the performance indicators we can clearly see that IBM posted very good results and indicated growth. IBM has been expanding its operation to all parts of the world. IBM provides technology solutions to businesses, organization to all parts of the world with an aim of helping the users to achieve increased productivity and success. The company’s values of â€Å"dedication to every client’s success, Innovation that matters-for our company and for the world and trust and personal responsibility in all relationships† (http://www. ibm. com/investor/corpgovernance/cgbcg. phtml) have enabled the company to establish relationship all over the world thus resulting to gaining of a big share of the market. IBM is the largest computer company and the most profitable. Thus using the market share as the performance indicator we see that IBM is a high performance company. Besides that IBM have in the recent past made many notable acquisition meaning it’s aimed at growing. IBM is very concerned with the satisfaction of its customers. IBM uses tools, processes, procedures and mechanisms of generating feedback aimed at making sure the customer is satisfied. The company monitors and responds to problems of customer so as to achieve customer satisfaction. It also provides expertise assistance all the time to its customers. According to CRM today website (http://www. crm2day. com/news. crm/EpZuVZFUZaMbMinnv. php) a research carried out by Technology Business Research Inc showed that IBM had topped its competitors in customer satisfaction. This was attributed to the IBM’s PC Hardware quality and reliability. On March 2007 IBM was awarded the Genesys Gold Certification. This was for IBM’s expertise, innovation and customer satisfaction (Http://www. genesyslab. com/news. archives/2007/march/ibm-gold-certication. asp IBM values its employees and puts efforts to see that their employees are treated well. IBM does not discriminate employees on any ground be it physical attributes or genetics. IBM has been helped by its employees to become a high performance organization. Through good human resource management the company allows its employees from all over the world to participate in core decision making. IBM involved its employees in the formulation of the company’s values in 2003. The company has also facilitated discussion among its employees on key business issues. This has helped the company to brainstorm on new ideas that have contributed to improvement of the performance of the company. IBM also involved its employees in brainstorming on innovation ideas. All these efforts were aiming at involvement of the employees on the key issues affecting IBM operations. This issues ranging from employee relationship as expressed in the company values to various practices in the company and innovation (http://www. research. ibm. com/journal/sj/404/gongla. html). IBM’s good treatment of its employees has led to great benefits to the companies. Employees are more dedicated to the values of the company and to offering quality services to the customers. These have led to more satisfied customers translating to good sales. Good human resource management has led to great benefit to the company through innovation of the employees hence leading to more productivity and innovation. The human resources best practices by IBM include involvement of the employees in key issues affecting the company. The employees were involved in the formulation and rewriting of the company values. In this all the employees from all parts of the world contributed their ideas and were summarized to produce the three care values of IBM Corporation. IBM also involved its employees in contributing ideas on practices that can bring success to the company. Another best practice is good treatment of the employees. IBM do not discriminate any employee on any ground and offers employment to all. These practices have contributed much to making IBM one of the High performance corporations. Reference: CRM Today. IBM Tops Competitors in Customer Satisfaction. Retrieved on February 06, 2008from http://www. crm2day. com/news/crm/EplZuVZFuVaMbBlnnv. php GENESYS. IBM Awarded Genesys Gold Certification for Expertise, innovation and customer satisfaction. Retrieved on February 06, 2008from http://www. genesyslab. com/news/archives/2007/march/ibm_gold_certification. asp Gongla P. and Rizzuto C. R. Evolving communities of practice: IBM Global Services experience. IBM Systems Journal. Retrieved on February 06, 2008from http://www. research. ibm. com/journal/sj/404/gongla. html IBM. Financial Information. Retrieved on February 06, 2008 from http://www. ibm. com/investor/financials/index. phtml IBM. Corporate governance. Retrieved on February 06, 2008 from http://www. ibm. com/investor/corpgovernance/cgbcg. phtml)

Scales in Music

Scales in Music â€Å"Life is like a piano, the white keys represent happiness and the black show sadness. But as you go through lifes journey, remember that the black keys also create music† â€Å"Unknown† Music was and will always be universal, personal, and close to millions of hearts anywhere in the world. Music would not have been created if it wasnt accompanied by musical instruments and the uniqueness of all the different scales that were and are used today in music. â€Å"A musical scale is a series of notes differing in pitch to a specific scheme.† Music is a universal language that people understand and is never outdated. Scales were originally formed in the early Medieval and Renaissance periods which date back to 500 AD. Everything was created in the early western classical music periods even though only primarily one scale was typically used during that time frame up until the Modern period. Two of the most common scales are called Major and Minor. Back in the Medieval and Renaissance periods, Major and Minor scales were used and coming from one specific term called â€Å"Church modes† or Gregorian modes. There are eight different types of Church modes: â€Å"The Lydian, Hypoaeolin, Hypolydian, Dorian, Phrygian, Mixolydian, Hypodorian and Aeolian.† One example of a Church mode would be a Gregorian scale. In natural major scales, typically the first solfege note begins and ends with Do. A typical Gregorian scale starts on Mi. The Gregorian model/scale is used for the piece â€Å"Song of Prayer†. This is an example of the Gregorian scale because the key starts on something else besides Do. The Gregorian scale itself starts and ends on a half step. Typically for most scales, there is a whole step between the first and second note. Every scale has their own sequence of half steps, whole steps and even thirds as well. â€Å"The Pentatonic scale dates back to Greece, and the word Pentatonic derives from Greek and means pente, meaning five.† â€Å"The Tonic meaning tone.† When you put both names together you get pentatonic and its referred to as a five-note scale. Its also quite similar to a Pentascale which is also a five note scale. The Pentatonic scale was also believed to be used in the past in ancient times. For example, Claude Debussy, who was very well known as an influential composer in the Romantic Period, used Pentatonic Scales in his own original pieces. One of his works, â€Å"The Sonata for Cello and Piano† used a Pentatonic scale in the key of D minor which was composed in 1915. When Major scales get transposed, they change into its relative Minor scale. For Minor Scales, there are 3 different types of scales: A Natural Minor, A Harmonic scale and a Melodic scale. All three scales are very different but still are very similar to each other. A Natural minor Scale is a sequence of whole and half steps where all the keys are all pure natural keys that are not sharped or flattened. A Harmonic minor scale is written just like a Natural scale but written with one added accidental. Accidentals are symbols which are: sharps, flats and naturals that ended on the musical staff by accident. A melodic minor Scale is just like a Harmonic minor scale except it has two added accidentals on the 6th and 7th note of the scale. The Minor scales are very commonly used in music and the easiest scale to incorporate is the Natural minor. The natural minor scale is also known Aeolian scale and its the complete opposite of a natural major scale. The qualities of the chords, the sound of the keys, and the whole and half pattern of notes are completely different. The sound of the natural minor scales are less high pitched than natural major scales. The tones of a natural minor scales are more darker and have a gloomier sound when you play the scale. For example, Green Days song â€Å"Holiday† is played in F minor and if you listen to the song you would automatically hear that it has a gloomy sound to the composition. When it comes to playing different scales and switching up the keys to make songs sound more unique, thats when you have your Harmonic minor scale. â€Å"The Harmonic minor scale derives its name from the harmonic function created by its 7th degree.† The Harmonic minor scale has a really pretty and soothing sound to it. Whenever I play the E harmonic minor scale, I think the scale sounds heavenly. Also, â€Å"The raised 7th gives this distinctly minor sounding scale a sense of authority.† Another example of a Harmonic minor scale would be â€Å"Easy Please Me† by Katy B, its solely based on the harmonic key in B flat minor. It doesnt really sound heavenly but It definitely has more out-there sound and is completely unique. The last type of a minor scale is the most complicated one out of all of them. The Melodic minor scale is quoted as the most commonly used minor scale. The Melodic scale is also quoted as the most complicated minor scale in Music Theory. The Scale has a nickname called â€Å"The Jazz Scale.† The Melodic minor scale has a raised 6th and 7th note in the scale to satisfy the harmonic part of the scale. One reason why the Melodic scale is difficult is because it creates conflict with the other scales. Another reason why the scale complicates things is because its in many different keys all at one. One example of the scale would be â€Å"Chelsea Bridge† by Billy Srayhorn because of its chords that sound dark and creepy. The first and most common scale that would come to peoples minds would be the major scale. The Major scale is one of the four most commonly used scales in music today. Major is always mentioned in any type of scale;Major Pentascales, Major Natural Scales, Major Triads etc. The Major scale is referred to as the joyful and happy tune when you play any major scale. For Example, in Taylor Swifts song â€Å"Ours†, Its a crush worthy song that makes a person smile about the guy that their missing. The song is played in C major. Another Example of a Major key is Taylor Swifts Song â€Å"Safe and Sound† featuring the Civil Wars. Despite its sound, its still written in major key even though its actually more on the gloomier and deeper side rather than the piece sounding cheerful. The song was written in G major. Imagine writing a song for key thats easy to read and then writing a song for a key thats so uncommon you have never heard of it. â€Å"The Octatonic Scale is a eight note scale that consists of starting off a scale with half steps rather than whole steps.† The Octatonic Scale is the one scale that has a fully Diminished sound to it and thats why its also called â€Å"The Diminished Scale†. One of the three modes of a Octatonic scale is a OCT (0,1) which starts off a half step to first and second note of the scale. The Second mode of the scale is an OCT (1,2) which is similar to the first mode because it starts off with a half to the first and second note as well. The last mode is called (Oct 0,2) which its pattern starts off with a whole step rather than half. In conclusion, Music has always been there for me and anyone else who loves creating and listening to music. Imagine if the world had no music, all of us would have a heart attack. Its really fascinating and wild how the generations have passed down music. Its interesting how much there is to learn in music despite how challenging it is. In the end, Its worth the stress to learn but to remember to never forget what you love the most: Music.   Works Cited Musicopoulos. Melodic Minor Scale. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. . The Freakiness of Melodic Minor. The Ethan Hein Blog. 31 Jan. 2011. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. . OctaveBox. OctaveBox. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. . Feist, Jonathan. Music Education Information and Articles. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.  . The Eight Gregorian Modes. Modes. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.  . Teorà ­a. Music Theory Web. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. . Web. 17 Dec. 2014. . Music Discipline Modes of the Major Scale. Modes of the Major Scale. Web. 17 Dec. 2014.  . The Community of Jesus | Christian Community | Benedictine Monastery. The Community of Jesus. Web. 17 Dec. 2014. .

Pierre Elliott Trudeau :: essays research papers

Unlike the United States, with its generalissimo politics-Washington, Jackson, Grant, Eisehower- the martial arts have been conspicuously absent from Canadian politics. But there in one exception: in 1968 Pierre Elliot Trudeau became the first Canadian leader to bring the gunslinger-Lone Ranger ethos to Canadian politics. Trudeau introduced to Canada the refined art of single combat; it was the politics of "Doing It My Way"-the politics of going my way or being left behind. Single-combat confrontation implied much mor than the loner or renegade in power, and far far less than the shaman black tricks of Mackenzie King. Trudeau was always far more the solo Philosopher King engaged in intellectual trial by combat than the Magus Merlin conjuring up solutions by puffs of smoke, sleight of hand or divine intervention. Ouijaboard politics was the occult domain of Mackenzie King, a man virtually devoid of policy, a political palm reader forever checking the whims and moods of his powerful baronial-Ralston Howe, St. Laurent-and sometimes Byronian colleagues to see how best he could placate them, or calm them, or Heap his beatitudes upon them. Trudeau, from day one , was always more samurai than shaman. Even in his pre- leadership days, Trudeau's love of trial by combat was predominant. Mackenzie King would have never touched the unholy trinity of divorce, abortion and homosexuality: each one of these issues is a sleeping dog best left to lie; each could only infuriate conservative Canada from coast to coast. Since King dared not touch them seriatim he certainly would not have touched them together-in an omnibus bill. This, Trudeau did joyously. The myths-makers have it at this was Trudeau's first deliberated joust, the kingship being the final prize. But Trudeau had no leadership aspirations at the time; all that he had, still has, was the love of combat for the sake of combat and religious scruples be damned. Trudeau the Catholic zealot tackle divorce, abortion and homosexuality active Prime Minister in this country's history, liberated the homosexual practitioners of black acts totally abhorrent to him; ironically, in the process, Trudeau gave irrational Canada a pretext for branding him a homosexual too. P.E.T. has always hated the consensus building of Mackenzie King; even the populist following of a Diefenbaker was an anathema to Trudeau. The single-combat warrior "doing it my way" is always alone; he leads the people but is not of them; like the prophet he wanders either in dessert or lush green pastures and often, like the prophet, he watches his people march into the Promised Land without him. For Trudeau, being alone is to be free; victory is a consequence of solitude; Pierre Elliott Trudeau :: essays research papers Unlike the United States, with its generalissimo politics-Washington, Jackson, Grant, Eisehower- the martial arts have been conspicuously absent from Canadian politics. But there in one exception: in 1968 Pierre Elliot Trudeau became the first Canadian leader to bring the gunslinger-Lone Ranger ethos to Canadian politics. Trudeau introduced to Canada the refined art of single combat; it was the politics of "Doing It My Way"-the politics of going my way or being left behind. Single-combat confrontation implied much mor than the loner or renegade in power, and far far less than the shaman black tricks of Mackenzie King. Trudeau was always far more the solo Philosopher King engaged in intellectual trial by combat than the Magus Merlin conjuring up solutions by puffs of smoke, sleight of hand or divine intervention. Ouijaboard politics was the occult domain of Mackenzie King, a man virtually devoid of policy, a political palm reader forever checking the whims and moods of his powerful baronial-Ralston Howe, St. Laurent-and sometimes Byronian colleagues to see how best he could placate them, or calm them, or Heap his beatitudes upon them. Trudeau, from day one , was always more samurai than shaman. Even in his pre- leadership days, Trudeau's love of trial by combat was predominant. Mackenzie King would have never touched the unholy trinity of divorce, abortion and homosexuality: each one of these issues is a sleeping dog best left to lie; each could only infuriate conservative Canada from coast to coast. Since King dared not touch them seriatim he certainly would not have touched them together-in an omnibus bill. This, Trudeau did joyously. The myths-makers have it at this was Trudeau's first deliberated joust, the kingship being the final prize. But Trudeau had no leadership aspirations at the time; all that he had, still has, was the love of combat for the sake of combat and religious scruples be damned. Trudeau the Catholic zealot tackle divorce, abortion and homosexuality active Prime Minister in this country's history, liberated the homosexual practitioners of black acts totally abhorrent to him; ironically, in the process, Trudeau gave irrational Canada a pretext for branding him a homosexual too. P.E.T. has always hated the consensus building of Mackenzie King; even the populist following of a Diefenbaker was an anathema to Trudeau. The single-combat warrior "doing it my way" is always alone; he leads the people but is not of them; like the prophet he wanders either in dessert or lush green pastures and often, like the prophet, he watches his people march into the Promised Land without him. For Trudeau, being alone is to be free; victory is a consequence of solitude;

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Golding uses many symbols in the novel, Lord of the Flies, to represent good and evil in society. He uses Simon to represent the peacefulness of life and the kindness of a good heart, while Piggy represents the civilization on the island and the adult viewpoint of the children. The conch symbolizes order and also adult behavior. It is a symbol of strength and knowledge as well, as the evil of the beast represents the fear in the boys. All of these symbols change as the story goes on, some changes are less obvious and are the result of the readers new perspective while others undergo dramatic, and quite obvious, change. Simon is a symbol of peace who sees only good in the world. The name Simon itself means, listener, and depicts Simon's character well as he always listens instead of giving an alternative opinion. Although at times his opinion differs from the others, he never complains. Simon's great sacrifice for the boys, dying for their sin, is a trait of a martyr. Simon's death results in a change of his affect on the boys and on the reader. Because he is killed by the other boys, he begins to represent the evil that has dominated over the good on the island. Piggy is another symbol for goodness, however his goodness is not the same as Simons. Piggy represents the goodness that comes from adults and order. Piggy's inability to see well makes him a perfect symbol for that of blind justice. Piggy not only thinks like an adult, but also is constantly worried about how adults would view the society on the island, showing he is concerned with the order and justice of things and want to be civilized. Piggy is picked on a lot by the other boys because of his weight and sight hindrance, but nonetheless he does not give up his share of the authority. Piggy is constantly saying, "I've got the conch," ( a sign of authority and a sign that all should listen to the person with the conch. Piggy's death symbolizes the destruction of society and civilization on the island, and the rise of savage behavior. It also shows the demise of order and the rise of the devil.

Cosmic Education

Rachael Jacobson Cosmic Education Exiled to India during World War II, Maria Montessori developed one of the basic tenets of her philosophy of education. This tenet is what she called cosmic education. In To Educate the Human Potential (ed 2007 p9) Montessori said that, â€Å"the stars, earth, stone, life of all kind form a whole in relation to each other, and so close is this relation that we cannot understand a stone without some understanding of the great sun†. This interconnectedness, the interconnectedness of every element of the universe, is at the heart of cosmic education.As Dr. Montessori explains, â€Å"all things are part of the universe, and are connected with each other to form one whole unity. The idea helps the mind of the child to become focused, to stop wandering in an aimless quest for knowledge. He is satisfied having found the universal center of himself with all things†. Montessori believed that children who received a cosmic education would grow to have a clearer understanding of themselves because they had a better understanding of the natural world and their place in it.She also believed that children are much closer to nature than adults. Therefore, the ideas of cosmic education can be impressed upon them more easily so that they can grow up with an appreciation and sense of wonder about the natural world and keep it as adults. An awareness of the interdependence between humans and the universe and the sense of gratitude that comes from that awareness are absolutely necessary if a child is to grow into a peaceful human being.Montessori believed that providing a cosmic education to children would be a means to this end because children who are exposed to all the elements and forces of nature gain a sense of importance, purpose, and responsibility, which they carry into their adult lives. It was her belief that the future was in the hands of children and that their education would determine whether or not the future humankin d was a peaceful or one fraught with destruction, violence, and war. Cosmic Education is held together by aâ€Å"glue† known as The Great Lessons. The Great Lessons introduce the overall scope of cosmic education .There are five Great Lessons. â€Å"Montessori believed that storytelling was an ideal way to introduce knowledge to elementary children, engaging both their imaginations and their developing powers of reason†. All of these lessons are accompanied by illustrations and charts, and many by scientific demonstrations. They are all told to the children in the first months of school, and are re-told each year to the returning children. They help children build a context for the knowledge that they will acquire throughout their years as EC, EI and E2 students. The Five Great Lessons are: 1.The Coming of the Universe: This lesson introduces scientific thought on the origins of the universe and our own planet. Using charts and experiments, this first Great Lesson desc ribes how minerals and chemicals formed the elements, how matter transforms to three states of solid, liquid, and gas, how particles joined together and formed the earth, how heavier particles sank to the earth's core and volcanoes erupted, and how mountains were formed and the atmosphere condensed into rain, creating oceans, lakes, and rivers. From this story, students are introduced to lessons in physics, astronomy, geology, and chemistry.For example, they learn about light, heat, convection currents, gravity, galaxies, planetary systems, the earth's crust, volcanoes, erosion, climate and physical geography. 2. The Coming of Life: This lesson represents the beginning of life on Earth from the simplest forms through the appearance of human beings. The second Great Lesson explains how single-cell and multi-cell forms of life became embedded in the bottom of the sea and formed fossils. It traces the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and the Cenozoic periods, beginning with the kingdom of trilobit es and ending with human beings.The teacher indicates on a time line where vertebrates began, followed by fish and plants, then amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. In this lesson students are introduced to the basics of zoology and botany. 3. The Coming of Human Beings: This lesson is an introduction to prehistory and history that continues the exploration of life on Earth, with an emphasis on the development of humans. The aim is for the children to imagine what life was like for early humans. This lesson is the basis for lessons in history and the development of ancient civilizations.They also learn how climate and topography influenced various civilizations. 4. The Story of Our Alphabet: This story is an introduction that follows the development of writing from its appearance in primitive cultures to its role in modern times. From this lesson, students use grammar materials, which help them examine how language is put together, and refine capitalization and punctuation. Stu dents are introduced to the study of the origin of English words from other languages, the meanings of prefixes and suffixes and different forms of writing such as poetry and prose. 5.The Story of Our Numerals: This story is an introduction that emphasizes how human beings needed a language for their inventions to convey measurement and how things were made. The story describes how number systems evolved throughout time and within different civilizations. This story is the basis for the children's learning of mathematics, which is integrated into all studies. The first three stories are what Duffy (2002 p30) calls â€Å"the story of our origin and past,† while the last two stories are illustrations of â€Å"human cultural accomplishments and the evolution of human ideas. Stoll Lillard (2005 p134) calls this â€Å"a core of impressionistic knowledge that is intended to inspire the child to learn more. † The Great Lessons simultaneously raise and answer questions. How d id the universe come to be? Our solar system? Our planet? Our oceans, lakes, mountains, forests, flowers, and animals? The Great Lessons helps children see how interrelated all things are. They instill in children the understanding that all people are one and that we must all be our brother’s keeper. Most importantly, The Great Lessons provide the child with a macro view of the world.Through the stories told in each of the five lessons, the child is introduced to â€Å"the big picture†. â€Å"Children become aware that the universe evolved over billions of years, and that it is based on the law and order through which all the plants, animals, and the rest of creation is maintained. From that point, students are introduced to increasing levels of detail and complexity within these broad areas and gradually understand that they are part of this order and are participants in the ongoing life of the universe.Thus, The Great Lessons provide a springboard of sorts from whic h children can develop their individual interests and shape their own learning. The Great Lessons allow the child to move between macro and micro levels of knowledge. The basic premise of cosmic education maintains that no subjects should be taught in isolation. Rather all elements of the curriculum are viewed as interdependent upon one another. The outcome of cosmic education allows children to become thankful for the world around them and an understanding of their place in it. They will begin to understand that they have been given many gifts from the past and present.They also develop wonder, gratitude, a sense of purpose, and a feeling of responsibility to others, to the earth, and to future generations. If young children grow up with love and respect and the knowledge that they matter, they have the best chance of growing up and meeting their full potential†¦no matter their circumstances. Duffy, M ; D (2002) Cosmic Education in the Montessori Elementary Classroom Parent Ch ild Press: Hollidaysburg. Montessori, M (ed 2007) To Educate the Human Potential The Montessori Series: Amsterdam. Stoll Lillard, A (2005) Montessori: The Science behind the Genius Oxford University Press: Oxford